Отсӧг:Международнӧй фонетическӧй алфавит

Международнӧй фонетическӧй алфавит (МФА) — тайӧ фонетическӧй символъяслӧн стандартизируйтӧм система, коді вӧдитчӧ сёрнитан кывйын шыяс петкӧдлӧм могысь. Сійӧс лӧсьӧдіс Международнӧй фонетика ассоциация 1888 воын.

ИПА сетӧ позянлун кыв туялысьяслы, велӧдысьяслы, логопедъяслы, студентъяслы гижны любӧй кывйысь кывъяслысь дзик ӧткодь шуанногъяс.

Шаблонъяс

Шаблон:Infobox IPA

Тайӧ шаблоныс шусьӧ Шаблон:Infobox IPA. Медым сійӧн вӧдитчыны пример вылӧ: {{Infobox IPA|ipa symbol=ɡ}}

Гӧлӧс велярнӧй плозив
ɡ
Audio sample
источникъяс · отсасьны

Став юкӧнъясыс:

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Письмӧяс

Symbol	Examples	Description
^ top A
[a] ⓘ	Modern RP cat, German Mann, French gare	The RP vowel is often transcribed with ⟨æ⟩ for historical reasons. For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow.
[ä] ⓘ	Mandarin 他 tā, American English father, Spanish casa, French patte
[ɐ] ⓘ	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ] ⓘ	RP father, French pâte, Dutch bad
[ɑ̃] ⓘ	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[ɒ] ⓘ	Canadian English lot, Persian ف‍‍ارسی / fârsi	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ] ⓘ	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ] ⓘ	GA cat
^ top B
[b] ⓘ	English babble
[ɓ] ⓘ	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β] ⓘ	Spanish abril, Kinyarwanda abana "children", Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa	Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed.
[ʙ] ⓘ	Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw"	Sputtering.
^ top C
[c] ⓘ	Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and"	Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ç] ⓘ	German Ich	More of a [j]-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. This sound can be produced by whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ] ⓘ	Mandarin 先 xiān, Polish ściana	More [j]-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ɔ] ⓘ	see under O
^ top D
[d] ⓘ	English dad
[ɗ] ⓘ	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ] ⓘ	American English harder	Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð] ⓘ	English the, bathe
[dz] ⓘ	English adds, Italian zero
[dʒ] ⓘ	English judge
[dʑ] ⓘ	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a [j]-sound.
[ɖʐ] ⓘ	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[e] ⓘ	Scottish English day, Australian English bet, Spanish fe; French clé, German Klee	Similar to American English hey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ] ⓘ	Australian English bird
[ə] ⓘ	English above, Hindi अब [əb] (ab) "now"
[ɚ] ⓘ	American English runner
[ɛ] ⓘ	British, Irish, North American English bet, New Zealand English bat
[ɛ̃] ⓘ	French Saint-Étienne, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[ɜ] ⓘ	RP bird (long)
[ɝ] ⓘ	American English bird
^ top F
[f] ⓘ	English fun
[ɟ] ⓘ	see under J
[ʄ] ⓘ	see under J
^ top G
[ɡ] ⓘ	English gag	(Should look like . Not different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ] ⓘ	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ] ⓘ		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ] ⓘ	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[h] ⓘ	American English house
[ɦ] ⓘ	English ahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ]		The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[ħ] ⓘ	Arabic Muḥammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ʜ] ⓘ	Iraqi Arabic حَي [ʜaj] "alive"	Corresponds to /ħ/ (ح) in Standard Arabic.
[ɥ] ⓘ	see under Y
[ɮ] ⓘ	see under L
^ top I
[i] ⓘ	English sea, French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[ɪ] ⓘ	British, Irish, North American English sit, New Zealand English set
[ɨ] ⓘ	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[j] ⓘ	English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ʲ]	In Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more [j]-like.
[ʝ] ⓘ	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ] ⓘ	Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole"	Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ʄ] ⓘ	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
[k] ⓘ	English kick, skip
^ top L
[l] ⓘ	English leaf
[ɫ] ⓘ	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
[ɬ] ⓘ	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching the roof of mouth with the tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ] ⓘ		Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ] ⓘ		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ] ⓘ	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
[ʟ] ⓘ
^ top M
[m] ⓘ	English mime
[ɱ] ⓘ	English symphony	Like [m], but the lips touch the teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ] ⓘ	see under W
[ʍ] ⓘ	see under W
^ top N
[n] ⓘ	English nun
[ŋ] ⓘ	English sing, Māori nga
[ɲ] ⓘ	Spanish Peña, French champagne	Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ] ⓘ	Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna	Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ] ⓘ	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[o] ⓘ	Modern RP, Australian and New Zealand English caught (long) Spanish no, French eau, German Boden	Somewhat reminiscent of American English no. The RP vowel is usually transcribed with ⟨ɔː⟩ for historical reasons.
[ɔ] ⓘ	Modern RP, Australian and New Zealand English cot German Oldenburg, French Garonne	The RP vowel is usually transcribed with ⟨ɒ⟩ for historical reasons.
[ɔ̃] ⓘ	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[ø] ⓘ	New Zealand English nurse, French feu, bœufs, German Goethe	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ɵ] ⓘ	Modern RP foot, Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The RP vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ʊ⟩, the Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ] ⓘ	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œ̃] ⓘ	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[ɶ] ⓘ
^ top P
[p] ⓘ	English pip
^ top Q
[q] ⓘ	Arabic Qur’ān	Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
^ top R
[r] ⓘ	Spanish perro, Scottish English borrow	"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ] ⓘ	Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie	Like a “rolled R”, except the tongue flaps only once.
[ʀ] ⓘ	Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ɽ] ⓘ	Urdu ساڑی [saːɽiː] "saree"	Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ] ⓘ	most accents of English borrow
[ɻ] ⓘ	Tamil புழு puḻu "worm", Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter	Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ] ⓘ	French Paris, German Riemann (some dialects)	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[s] ⓘ	English sass
[ʃ] ⓘ	English shoe
[ʂ] ⓘ	Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin)	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[t] ⓘ	English tot, stop
[ʈ] ⓘ	Hindi टमाटर [ʈəmaːʈəɾ] (ṭamāṭar) "tomato"	Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts] ⓘ	English cats, Russian царь tsar
[tʃ] ⓘ	English church
[tɕ] ⓘ	Mandarin 北京 Běijīng (listenⓘ), Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a [j]-sound.
[tʂ] ⓘ	Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
[u] ⓘ	American English food, French vous "you", German Schumacher
[ʊ] ⓘ	American English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ʉ] ⓘ	Modern RP, Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʋ] ⓘ	see under V
[ɥ] ⓘ	see under Y
[ɯ] ⓘ	see under W
^ top V
[v] ⓘ	English verve
[ʋ] ⓘ	Hindi वरुण [ʋəɾʊɳə] "Varuna"	Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ɤ] ⓘ	see under Y
[ɣ] ⓘ	see under Y
[ʌ] ⓘ	see under A
^ top W
[w] ⓘ	English wow
[ʷ]		Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[ʍ] ⓘ	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ] ⓘ	Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ] ⓘ	Spanish agua	Like [w], but with the lips flat.
^ top X
[x] ⓘ	Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хлеб [xlʲep] "bread", Spanish joven	between [k] and [h]
[χ] ⓘ	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[y] ⓘ	French rue, German Bülow	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʏ] ⓘ	Scottish English foot, German Düsseldorf	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ] ⓘ	Arabic Шаблон:Transliteration and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ] ⓘ	Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ] ⓘ	Italian tagliatelle, Portuguese mulher	Like [l], but more [j]-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ] ⓘ	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
^ top Z
[z] ⓘ	English zoo
[ʒ] ⓘ	English vision, French journal
[ʑ] ⓘ	old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle	More [j]-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ] ⓘ	Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ] ⓘ	see under L
^ top Others
[θ] ⓘ	English thigh, bath
[ɸ] ⓘ	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ] ⓘ	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ] ⓘ	Arabic Шаблон:Transliteration / Шаблон:Transliteration "Arabic"	A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat).
[ǀ] ⓘ	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ] ⓘ	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ] ⓘ	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ] ⓘ	ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two"	Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ] ⓘ	Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] "to put in the mouth"	Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

Marks added to letters

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at Шаблон:Section link.

Symbol	Example	Description
Signs above a letter
[ã]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] ⓘ Шаблон:Gloss	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang
[ä]	Portuguese vá [vä] "go"	A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back
[ă]	English police [pə̆ˈliˑs]	An extra-short speech sound (usually a vowel)
Signs below a letter
[a̯]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]	English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯] (see also)	Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]	English button	A consonant without a vowel (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]	Spanish dos, French deux ⓘ	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]	RP caught [ˈkʰoˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɔt].)
[ˈa]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]		Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]	English courtship [ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp] vs core chip [ˈkʰɔr.t͡ʃɪp]	Syllable break (this is often redundant and therefore left off)